Welcome to Mosquito Season

With the unofficial start of summer, now is a good time to start planning to reduce the number of mosquitoes around your home. Worldwide there are approximately 3500 species of mosquitoes.  They live in almost every region of the earth from subarctic to the tropics. As of 2015,  63 species of mosquitoes were found in New Jersey.  Mosquitoes are members of the order Diptera.  The word Diptera comes from the Greek di which means two and ptera which means wing.  The order Diptera also includes the common housefly.

Like other true flies, mosquitoes undergo a complete metamorphosis: egg, larva, pupa and adult.  The larvae are anatomically different than the adult mosquito, it lives in a different habit and feeds on different nutrients.  The pupa is a non-feeding stage.

Mosquito life cycle - Knox County Tennessee

Mosquito larvae are uniquely adapted for aquatic life.  They need oxygen for respiration and water-borne particles for food.  The larva feed on micro-organisms and organic material in the water where they breed.

Mosquito Larvae Videos from the University of New Hampshire - Center of Freshwater Biology

• Mosquito larvae with siphons in air bubble


• Mosquito feeding and cleaning


• Underwater view of vernal pool

Both the male and female mosquito get their protein from nectar.  The female mosquito feeds on blood to obtain the nutrients she needs to produce eggs.  The reaction to the saliva that the female mosquito injects when feeding is what causes itching.  Depending on the species a female mosquito may lay between 50-500 eggs.

The illustration below from a CDC(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) manual shows three of the most common mosquito genera and some of their chief characteristics.

ANOPHELES AEDES CULEX

This interesting photograph shows the proboscis of a mosquito.  The proboscis is the mouth part of the female mosquito that is used for sucking blood.

Mosquito proboscis - Copyright © 2015 Choo, Buss, Tan and Leal. Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Front Physiol. 2015; 6: 306. Published online 2015 Oct 29. doi: 10.31389/fphys.2015.00306

Sometime insects like the one pictured below are mistaken for mosquitoes.  The easiest way to tell the difference between a crane fly and a mosquito is by observing the mouth parts.  

Crane fly - notice the missing proboscis - Texas A&&M AgriLife Extension

Control

Water is necessary for mosquito development.  By eliminating sources of standing water, the number of mosquitoes will be reduced.  Listed below are some of the common methods that you and your neighbors can use to reduce the sources of standing water and control the mosquito population in your neighborhood.

• Remove old tires or drill holes in those used for playground equipment to allow them to drain. 
• Check boats for holding water, clear drain holes, turn over, cover or increase angle to aid drainage.
• Check tarps on boats or other equipment/items that may collect water in pockets or indentations.
• Remove vegetation or obstructions in drainage ditches that prevent the flow of water.
• Pick up broken, unused or discarded toys that hold water.
• Pick up all beverage containers and cups.
• Replace water in birdbaths once a week.
• Replace water in pet and other animal feeding dishes or troughs at least once a week.
• Fill tree holes (hardwood trees) that hold water with spray, insulating foam sealant.
• Position garbage cans and lids so they don’t hold water.
• Change water in planters, including hanging plants, at least once a week.
• Maintain gutters so water drains properly.
• Monitor all types of drainage pipes/systems for standing water.
• Fix dripping outdoor faucets that create pools of water.

Female mosquitoes find a host by using a combination cues like CO2,  vision and thermal sensory information to detect body heat.  Mosquito repellents are used to block a female mosquito's ability to detect a host.  Listed below is a table the summarizes the effectiveness of various mosquito repellents.

Table 1. Summary of effectiveness of mosquito repellents reported by Fradin, M. S. and J. F. Day. 2002. Comparative efficacy of insect repellents against mosquito bites.  New England Journal of Medicine 347: 13 – 18.

Product1	Active Ingredient	Minutes of Complete Protection	Evaluation2
Off! Deep Woods	23.8% Deet	302	A
Sawyer Controlled Release	20% Deet	234	B
Off! Skintastic	6.7% Deet	112	C
Bite Blocker for Kids	2% Soy oil	95	D
Skin-So-Soft Bug Guard Plus	7.5% IR3535	23	E
Natrapel	10% citronella	20	E
Herbal Armor	12% citronella 2.5% peppermint oil 2% cedar oil 1% lemongrass oil 0.05% geranium oil	19	E
Green Ban for People	10% citronella 2% peppermint oil	14	E
Buzz Away	5% citronella	14	E
Skin-So-Soft Bug Guard	0.1% citronella	10	E
Skin-So-Soft Moisturizing Sun Care	0.05% citronella	3	F
Gone Original Wristband	9.5% Deet	0.3	G
Repello Wristbande	9.5% Deet	0.2	H
Gone Plus Repelling Wristband	25% citronella	0.2	H

1May or may not be available for purchase or registered for use in New Jersey. 2Letters indicate groups of repellents that are statistically similar; e.g., the six repellents in category E are statistically similar to each other.

By eliminating the larval habitats on your property and taking a few simple precautions, you can reduce the threat of mosquito-borne illness and annoyance in and around your home and neighborhood.


Additional Information

Bti for Mosquito Control - US Environmental Protection Agency

Crane flies, not mosquitoes - Texas A&M AgriLife Extension

Macroinvertebrate Resources - Stroud Center Water Resources

The American Mosquito Control Association

The Asian Tiger Mosquito - Center for Vector Biology - Rutgers University

Burlington County Mosquito Control Division


References
Anonymous, 1967. CDC Manual. Pictorial Keys. Arthropods, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals of Public Health Significance. US/HEW, Public Health Service. 192 pp.

Asian Longhorned Tick - A New Invasive Species

There is a new invasive species in New Jersey: the longhorned tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis).  The longhorned tick is a member of the family Ixodidae which means that it is a hard tick.  Hard ticks have three distinct life stages.  Depending on the temperature, the tick's eggs usually hatch between 60-90 days.  When the larva emerge from the eggs they have three sets of legs.  After having a blood meal they molt and become nymphs and acquire four sets of legs.  Nymphs feed for approximately 7 days and detach.  The nymph then spends about 40 days living under the vegetation before molting and becoming an adult which also has four sets of legs.

Larva (Source: lucidcentral.org)

Nymph (Source: lucidcentral.org)

Male (Source: lucidcentral.org)

The longhorned tick finds a host using a behavior called "questing".  A questing tick crawls up the stems of grass or perches on the edge of leaves.  When the tick detects a host it uses its extended front legs to attach itself to the host.

Questing Tick
Credit: Graham J. Hickling, The University of Tennessee. Public domain.

After having fed on a host for about seven days, the female detaches itself and begins searching for a suitable place to lay eggs.  Within 1-2 weeks the female tick will lay around 2,000 eggs during a 2-3 week period.  Because the longhorned tick is a parthenogenesis species, it can reproduce asexually.  The female does not require a male tick to reproduce.

While the longhorned tick is new to New Jersey it has been a pest in New Zealand for decades. In New Zealand the tick has been found on the following animals.

Mammals

• Brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula),
• Cat (Felis domesticus),
• Cattle (Bos taurus),
• Dog (Canis familiaris),
• Donkey (Equus asinus),
• Goat (Capra hircus),
• Horse (Equus caballus),
• House mouse (Mus musculus),
• Pig (Sus scrofa),
• Rabbit (Lepus cuniculus),
• Sheep (Ovis aries)

Birds

• Dosmestic duck (Anas boscas var),
• Domestic fowl (Gallus gallus),
• House sparrow (Passer domesticus),
• Kiwi, Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus),
• Skylark (Alauda arvensis),
• Thrush (Turdus philomelus),
• Turkey (Meleagris gallipavo)

Prevention
Most tick bites can be prevented.   Some of the simple things you can do to prevent exposure to ticks are:

• Avoid areas bushy and grassy areas where ticks normally live.
• Wear light colored clothing which makes it easier to identify ticks.
• Wear clothing and boots that have been treated products containing 0.5% permethrin.
• Use Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) registered insect repellants.
• Walk in the center of trails.
• Check you clothing and body for ticks after you have been outside.
• Shower soon after you have been outdoors.

Tick Removal
Removing a tick isn't difficult.  Here are the simple steps for removing a tick:

1. Use a pointed tick removal tweezer
2. Disinfect the area with rubbing alcohol
3. Grab tick close to skin and use slow, steady motion to pull tick out
4. Disinfect the area again
5. Consider Tick Testing for infection

Here is a short video that demonstrates the proper method for removing a tick.



Identification
If you find a tick you can bring it to the Rutgers Cooperative Extension office located at 2 Academy Dr, Westampton, NJ 08060 for identification. Ticks should be placed in a sealed plastic bag or a container with a small piece of moist paper towel to prevent dehydration.



Additional Information

Tick Bites Prevention - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

How to Recognize a Longhorned Tick - Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University

Tick Biology - UC Davis, Department of Entomology and Nematology

TickEncounter Resource Center - University of Rhode Island

Zoogeography of the New Zealand Tick Fauna - University of Wellington, New Zealand