Home Invasion - Fall Insect Pests

To survive the winter insects have developed different strategies to survive.  Some insects lay eggs and die when temperatures fall below freezing.  Other insects burrow in the ground or under piles of decaying plant material.  Still others avoid the cold by migrating to warmer climates.  As the temperature begins to fall, insects begin to look for a warm place to overwinter.  One of the places where they can overwinter is in your home.  Some of the most common overwintering insects that tend to invade homes are listed below.

Boxelder bug (Leptocoris trivittatus)

Boxelder bug adult surrounded by nymphs. William M. Ciesla
Forest Health Management International

The adult boxelder bug gets its name from their host plant the boxelder (Acer negundo). The boxelder bug is about 1/2 inch in length, and dark gray to brownish-black in color, with three red stripes on the thorax and wing margins.  The body is bright red.  They have piercing-sucking mouthparts and feed mainly on seeds produced by female boxelders.  Eggs are straw-yellow to rusty-red in color and are not often seen, as they are deposited on boxelder trees or other maples, or near the trees.  The nymphs, which are found on the trees, are bright red in color with the front half darker. Nymphs resemble adults but do not have fully developed wings and are not able to reproduce.

Multi-colored Asian lady beetle (Harmonia axyridis).

Asian lady beetles vary in color. Note the whitish area
with M-shaped marking behind the head.
University of Kentucky

The Asian lady beetle (Harmonia axyridis), is common throughout the United States. Adult Asian lady beetles are oval, convex, and about 1/4-inch long. Their color can vary widely from tan to orange to red. They often have several black spots on the wing covers. On some beetles the spots may be indistinct or entirely absent. Multi-spotted individuals tend to be females while those with few or no spots tend to be males. Most beetles have a small, dark "M" or "W"-shaped marking on the whitish area behind the head. The Asian lady beetles are beneficial insects. The use of lady beetles as a natural control of aphids in some crops like pecans has decreased insecticide use against those pests. Additionally, lady beetles have  been used to controlled aphids on some ornamental plants.

Cluster fly (Pollena rudis)

Cluster Fly - Colorado State University Extension

Cluster flies are named for their habit of overwintering in large clusters within the attics or upper walls of homes and buildings. They are black and a little larger than house flies, from 3/8- to 1/2-inch long, with short, yellow hairs on the thorax. Their wings overlap when at rest.
Cluster flies are unique because they are parasites of earthworms. In summer they can be seen flying around yards just above the ground. They lay their eggs in cracks in the soil and the eggs hatch in about three days. The newly hatched maggots grab onto earthworms as they slither by and burrow into the worm to feed. The fly completes a life cycle in four to five weeks.

Brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys)

University of California

The brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys, is a pest whose first officially reported appearance in the United State was in Allentown, Pennsylvania in 2001. Adult bugs are 14-17 mm (about a 1/2 inch) in lenght and dark mottled brown. The last 2 antennal segments have alternating light and dark bands. The exposed edges of the abdomen also have light and dark banding. Stink bugs get their name from the scent glands located on the dorsal surface of the abdomen and the underside of the thorax.

Management

Repair torn screens and close up places where the insects can enter the house, such as cracks around doors and windows and attic or basement vents. Use caulk, weatherstripping, fine-mesh screen or expandable foam as appropriate. Overwintering insects that enter the home may be controlled by hand-collecting or vacuuming. Repeat as needed. 

Eliminate hiding places such as piles of rocks, boards, leaves, and general debris close to houses. Rake leaves and remove weeds and grass from a 6- to 10-feet wide strip around the foundation, particularly on the south and west sides of the house.   A weed and debris-free area tends to reduce the congregation of insects near the foundation. 

Additional Information

Cluster Flies - Pennsylvania State University

Boxelder Bug - University of Idaho

How to Identify the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug - Rutgers University

Flies in the Home - Colorado State University Extension

Asian Lady Beetle Infestation of Structures - University of Kentucky

Brown Marmorated Stink Bug - Featured Creatures - University of Florida

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IPM Notes from October 15, 2015

Winter rye has been seeded at different times where the soybeans and field corn were growing. The younger winter rye has a reddish color called "color banding" due to the cooler nights. Eventually the plant will turn green. The sprouting from the base of a winter rye plant or from the axils of its lower leaves is called tillering. If the rye is left alone to grow into the following spring it can be used as "longstraw" for bedding for farm animals or the rye can be harvested as a grain. Farmers don't like wildlife (geese in particular) on their winter rye because they constantly eat it through the fall and winter season. The rye does grow back.

The soybeans that were planted later this year have yet to be harvested. The moisture content needs to be around 14% for harvesting. A heavy dew or rainfall will increase the moisture content. Since most farmers are harvesting their soybeans at the same time of year (now) there can be logistical problems of having a truck for harvesting, or even waiting in a truck line for hours to have your harvested shipment accepted.

The alfalfa field has been cut short for winter, and will not be harvested again until next May. Several netting sweeps of the alfalfa field contained grasshoppers, leafhoppers, aphids and a plant bug. Alfalfa is a leguminous plant (as are soybeans) used for hay and forage. It is high in protein. Alfalfa likes a higher soil pH. Alfalfa and soybeans are nitrogen-fixing plants, but alfalfa provides more nitrogen. Using proper crop rotation every year, a farmer will need less nitrogen if corn is planted on the previous year's alfalfa or soybean field.

The demonstration plots are winding down for the year. The pumpkins, millet and broomcorn were harvested and moved up next to the pole barn as a display to be viewed and enjoyed by the crowd each Saturday at the farmers market. A few of the demonstration plots will be seeded next week with the cover crop winter wheat.

Notes compiled by John Siemanowski.

IPM Notes from October 1, 2015

The winter rye is sprouting where the field corn was harvested.

The soybeans are drying down, but with the approaching wet weather and strong winds the next few days there is concern the wind will split the bean pod off the plant, or knock the plant over resulting in many plants lodging on the ground.

The insect traps were also removed today.

A pH soil test of each of the 10 demonstration plots was recently performed by Rob Mazza. The results are below.

Plot 1 – Bell Pepper – 6.35
Plot 2 – Pollinator – 6.60
Plot 3 – Hops – 6.50
Plot 4 – Blueberry – 6.12
Plot 5 – Strawberry – 6.2
Plot 6 – Hot Pepper – 6.35
Plot 7 – Compost – 6.40
Plot 8 – Broomcorn - 5.93
Plot 9 – Pumpkin – 5.99
Plot 10 – Tomato / Millet – 6.30

As in the past, additional sulfur will be added to the blueberry plot to lower the pH to make it more acidic. Lime will be added to the broomcorn and pumpkin plots to raise the pH to make it less acidic.

Below is the weekly summary for the insects caught in the four insect traps at the BCCAC in Moorestown.

Trap 1 (Black Cut Worm) – 1 each black cut worm and spider

Trap 2 (European Corn Borer) - 1 each spider and grasshopper.

Trap 3 (Fall Army Worm) - 1 each fall army worm, stink bug, katydid.

Trap 4 (Corn Ear Worm) – 1 stinkbug.

Trap 5 (Stink Bug) – None.

Compiled by John Siemanowski

IPM Notes from September 24, 2015

The winter rye is sprouting where the field corn was harvested. This despite having no rain. This is due to the moisture retained in the soil. Where the field corn was previously, the concern for next year will be the amount of weeded plants, corn borers and root worms that may be an issue for next year's crop. Root worm larvae will overwinter in the soil and can damage the plants roots next spring. They also may be resistant to BT corn. There was no sign of slugs in the soil.

Also discussed in the former field corn today was the issue of nutrient removal. As the corn is harvested and taken away, so much of the nutrient elements go with it. But the remains of the corn plant in the field also leave valuable nutrients like phosphorus and potassium. By doing it this way, and with a proper soil test analysis, a farmer will not need to fertilize as much for next year.

The soybeans are drying down, and the plants loose leaves based on day length, which is now shorter. The beans are small due to the lack of rain.

Walking through the alfalfa field there was quite a few grasshoppers, moths and leafhoppers flying around. They're there because it's the greenest field around for this time of year. Despite these insects the alfalfa field looks good. It shows no feeding damage or crinkling leaves. The field will be harvested again in the near future.

Below is the weekly summary for the insects caught in the four insect traps at the BCCAC in Moorestown.

Trap 1 (Black Cut Worm) – 3 black cut worm.

Trap 2 (European Corn Borer) - 1 each spider, grasshopper, mayfly, damsel fly.

Trap 3 (Fall Army Worm) - 5 fall army worm.

Trap 4 (Corn Ear Worm) – 6 noctuid.

Trap 5 (Stink Bug) – None.

Compiled by John Siemanowski

IPM Notes from September 17, 2015

As mentioned last week the field corn has been harvested. Yesterday the field was seeded with a cover crop, winter rye. This will prevent soil erosion, keep the weeds to a minimum and keep the soil moist for the spring.

The soybean plants have grasshoppers and beetles feeding on the leaf edge. The stinkbugs are also piercing the pods searching for moisture. The soybeans are drying down, but the beans are small. Due to the moisture in the morning and the hot dry days, there is the concern the pods will crack open. Also, the bronzing effect on the leaves, called cercopera, can cause possible purple seed stain on the bean. Knowing this, it may be a better idea to try a more resistant soybean plant for next year. Some of the soybean crop will be harvested in two weeks.

In the demonstration plots the strawberry plants look well, except that the Chandler June bearing plants are showing beetle and grasshopper damage. The pumpkin plot also did well this year, and the master gardeners learned that to grow giant pumpkins organically is a lot of hard work every day.

Below is the weekly summary for the insects caught in the four insect traps at the BCCAC in Moorestown.

Trap 1 (Black Cut Worm) – 2 fall armyworm.

Trap 2 (European Corn Borer) - 1 each spider, milkweed bug and cucumber beetle.

Trap 3 (Fall Army Worm) - 6 fall armyworm.

Trap 4 (Corn Ear Worm) – 9 noctuid.

Trap 5 (Stink Bug) – 2 stink bugs.


Notes compiled by John Siemanowski.

IPM Notes from September 10, 2015

The seeds for the non-BT corn grown this year were about $100 a unit cheaper than the BT seeds. A week ago the master gardeners estimated that 150 to 160 bushels of corn per acre would be harvested. Within the past few days 160 bushels of corn per acre were actually harvested. The actual moisture content was 16.8%, which was slightly higher than the allowable 15.5%. So a slight deduction was made when the corn was sold. The harvested cornfield will probably be seeded with a cover crop like winter rye.

As mentioned last week the soybean crop is also very dry. Different portions of the field show various colors of green and yellow. The yellow fields are loosing their leaves and drying down, so today's rainfall will not do them any good. The beans inside the pods are on the small side due to lack of rain. This will make them less marketable and less profitable.

The Pedron peppers were picked last Tuesday (due to the Labor Day holiday) and yielded about 80 pounds. They are picked every Monday by the master gardeners, probably until frost.

In the demonstration plots the additional strawberry plants that we expected to receive this fall for planting will not arrive until next spring. The Bell pepper plants suffered from bacterial leaf spot due to the heavy rainfall in June and July. With the disease the plants lost much of their leaves. They produced more fruit before the leaf spot than after. Recently new foliage has been growing, along with new buds, but it's probably too late in the growing season to expect a significant harvest.

Below is the weekly summary for the insects caught in the four insect traps at the BCCAC in Moorestown.

Trap 1 (Black Cut Worm) – 2 black cut worm.

Trap 2 (European Corn Borer) - 1 each click beetle and spider

Trap 3 (Fall Army Worm) - 3 Fall army worm.

Trap 4 (Corn Ear Worm) – 12 noctuid.

Trap 5 (Stink Bug) – 1 each green stink bug and chafer beetle


Compiled by John Siemanonski

Beneficial Insect - Blue Wing Wasp

Wasp is a general term that refers to a group of related insects in the order Hymenoptera.  Blue-winged wasps are members of the order Hymenoptera and the Scoliidae family.  

Blue-winged wasps are solitary wasps and have a stinger. The stinger is primarily used to subdue prey such as spiders, cicadas and beetles.  These are beneficial insects.  It is important to know how to distinguish between social and solitary wasps, since solitary wasps rarely require control.

Blue-winged wasp (Scolia dubia)

Blue-winged wasps are about 20-25mm long, blue-black, with blackish purple wings. There are two yellow stripes, one on each side of the abdomen. Their bodies are fairly hairy and the back part of the abdomen is covered with reddish hairs. They are generally seen flying over the lawn during the day, leaving in early evening. Scoliids are beneficial wasps and parasitic on grubs. They are not aggressive and generally do not attack people. They disappear at the end of the season and help control the beetle grubs. Adults are often seen visiting golden rod flowers in late summer.

The presence of Blue-winged wasps may mean that there is a green June beetle, Japanese beetle or May beetle grub infestation.


Additional Information

Xerces Staff Pollinator Pick #3 Blue Winged Wasp

Florida Scoliid Wasps - University of Florida UF/IFAS

Identification of Bees and Wasps

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IPM Notes from September 3, 2015

Due to the hot dry weather the field corn will probably be harvested within the next week. The corn is in the mature stage, and since it is non-BT corn the fear is that a strong storm will easily blow over the dried and brittle cornstalks that already are showing plenty of corn borer damage. This would make harvesting difficult, if not impossible.

An estimate of the future field corn harvest was made today. An estimated 150 to 160 bushels per acre is expected to be harvested within the next week. This was calculated by taking several samples of about 27 ears per 17.5 feet, then taking a representative sample of 6 ears and counting the kernels (length & width) of each. The average number of kernels (500) on each of the 6 ears times the average number of ears - 27 (within 17.5 feet) equaled 13,500 kernels. This total (13,500) divided by 80 gave 169 bushels per acre on a normal basis. Allow for 10 percent imperfections equals 152 bushels per acre. If this estimate proves fairly accurate, this would be a break-even situation for the corn harvest this year.

The soybean crop is also very dry. Different portions of the field show various colors of green. This can be due to the moisture soil texture that may have more clay or silt, or differences in fertilizers. The outside edges may be slightly greener due to the stink bug green stem syndrome. Stink bugs enter the soybean field from the edge first, and by piercing the plant stem, the soybean plant on the field edge remains green longer.

The soybean plant losses its leaves due to the shorter day length (photoperiod). The beans inside the pods are on the small side due to lack of rain. Without moisture the plant is aborting new flower growth that create new pods, and thus putting all its energy into the existing pods. This will make them less marketable and less profitable (if sold at a profit).

The Pedron peppers have rebounded nicely and are being irrigated. They are picked every Monday by the master gardeners, probably until frost.

In the demonstration plots the giant pumpkin plants have rebounded with the aid some dedicated master gardeners and the use of fungicide, insecticide and fertilizer spray. Two of the seven pumpkins were removed from the vine. All this is valuable experience to be used next year. The six tomato plants are producing well. Several tomato horn worms were noted today with the white wasp eggs attached as the parasite.

Notes compiled by John Siemanonski

IPM Notes from August 27, 2015

There was no IPM walk today. Only the insects from the traps were gathered and are listed below.

Below is the weekly summary for the insects caught in the five insect traps at the BCCAC in Moorestown.


Trap 1 (Black Cut Worm) – 8 black cut worm.

Trap 2 (European Corn Borer) - 1 black beetle.

Trap 3 (Fall Army Worm) - 2 true army worm.

Trap 4 (Corn Ear Worm) – 9 noctuid, 4 corn ear worm, 1 European corn borer.

Trap 5 (Stink Bug) –6 click beetle, 1 stink bug.



Notes compiled by John Siemanowski

IPM Notes from August 20, 2015

The field corn is drying out, but will not be harvested until mid to late September. It currently is in the dent stage and the milk line in the kernel needs to be lowered to where the kernels have only about 14 % moisture. When it does there will be a black layer at the end of the kernel. Many of the plants for this variety have 2 ears of corn. When randomly estimating the corn harvest in a couple weeks the number of ears per 17.5 feet will need to be counted, not just the single corn plant. Some of the cornrows along the edge are showing heavy growth of fall panicum and fox tail.

The foliage of the soybean plants are turning up because they are drought stressed. However, soon after our walk today there was a heavy rainfall that should benefit the soybeans. When the soybeans are harvested in mid October the remaining nodules attached to the plant roots will create about one pound of nitrogen (nitrogen fixing) in the soil per one bushel of soybean harvested. So a 50-bushel harvest of soybeans will leave about 50 pounds of nitrogen in the soil, thereby requiring less nitrogen fertilizer for whatever is planted next spring.

The former sweet corn field is loaded with fall panicum and may need to be sprayed with a herbicide.

In the demonstration plots some of the pollinator plants were deadheaded and cut back. The pollinator plot has rebounded very well this year. The hops are drying up. Strawberry plants look okay. The birds are eating the millet. The giant pumpkin plants have done well for their first year. Two of the seven pumpkins were removed from the vine. The six tomato plants are producing well.

Below is the weekly summary for the insects caught in the four insect traps at the BCCAC in Moorestown.

Trap 1 (Black Cut Worm) – 1 each black cut worm and noctuid.

Trap 2 (European Corn Borer) - 4 each click beetle and milkweed bug, 2 each stink bug and spider, 1 katydid.

Trap 3 (Fall Army Worm) - 1 each Japanese beetle and ground beetle.

Trap 4 (Corn Ear Worm) – 6 noctuid, 3 corn ear worm, 1 unidentified moth.



Notes compiled by John Siemanowski

IPM Notes from August 14, 2015

There was no IPM walk today. Only the insects from the traps were gathered and are listed below.

Below is the weekly summary for the insects caught in the four insect traps at the BCCAC in Moorestown.

Trap 1 (Black Cut Worm) – 4 fall army worm, 3 noctuid, 1 click beetle..

Trap 2 (European Corn Borer) - 3 European corn borer, 1 each katydid, ladybug and click beetle.

Trap 3 (Fall Army Worm) - 4 click beetle, 1 unidentified moth.

Trap 4 (Corn Ear Worm) – 15 noctuid, 1 each click beetle and corn ear worm.



Notes compiled by John Siemanowski 

IPM Notes from July 30, 2015

Sorghum is growing in one of the five raised beds maintained by the master gardeners. Half of the raised bed was amended last fall with sheep manure and two types of compost. The other half was unamended. The amended half is a darker green with a more complete head. The unamended half is light green with an incomplete head. However, all the sorghum plants are shorter and showing some signs of powdery mildew. This time of year the sorghum should be about four feet tall with a fuller head. It’s important to know your soil and possibly have the soil tested for the pH level. Also, using the right plant in the right place is important. The plants currently are in a slightly shaded enclosed area. Sorghum prefers full sun and good air circulation.

The various soybean fields have different varieties. It’s important to plant different varieties to lessen the risk of loss from disease and insects. One variety is more pointed at the tip, while another is more rounded. The pointed variety is showing signs of drought stress as the leaves are pointing upward. These are more susceptible to spider mites, aphids and green clover worms. Still, the plants do not show that much leaf damage from insects.

The field corn is showing damage from the corn borer. One strip-down stalk showed severe corn borer damage inside the corn plant. Unfortunately all the field corn is non-BT corn, and it remains to be seen how successful this field corn harvest will be in October.

The sweet corn field was mowed down last week. Much of the sweet corn had been damaged by birds. Advantages of leaving the corn plant on the ground would be to provide a blanket for the soil (preventing erosion) and nutrients for the soil. Disadvantages would be that it attracts disease and wildlife. It can also serve as an inoculum for disease the following season.

In the demonstration plots the giant pumpkins need almost daily monitoring. New buds and flowers are cut off, providing more energy to the established pumpkins. Keeping the plants free from insect damage is a never-ending chore. Several pumpkins look to be more than 20 inches. However, the pumpkin vines are starting to wilt and shrivel from disease. The millet has recently been fertilized and are just beginning to pollinate. The seeds should soon begin to develop. The broom corn needs to be fertilized and the plants should have been thinned-out. Not doing this, the broom corn will not have a strong healthy head as it could have. The Bell peppers and hot peppers have bacterial leaf spot from all the rainfall. They are still producing some good size fruit, but also are suffering from leaf drop. The everbearing strawberries were clipped back from their runners and are producing one pint of berries per week. They probably will shut down with this recent heat wave. The pollinator plot has made a nice comeback this year and is attractive heading to the high point of summer.

Below is the weekly summary for the insects caught in the four insect traps.

Trap 1 (Black Cut Worm) – 3 each chafer beetle and click beetle, 1 each June bug and black cut worm.

Trap 2 (European Corn Borer) - 4 click beetles, 2 each stink bug and lightening bug, 1 each Fall armyworm and European corn borer.

Trap 3 (Fall Army Worm) - 3 each true armyworm and click beetle, 2 each bumble bee and chafer beetle, 1 wasp.

Trap 4 (Corn Ear Worm) – 24 noctuids, 3 chafer beetle, 2 leperadoptera ssp., 1 click beetle



Notes compiled by John Siemanowski

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Pest of the Week - Artillery Fungus

Have you ever noticed tiny black spots on the siding of your house or on your car?  The spots may be caused by artillery fungus Sphaerobolus spp.  The fungus produces very small fruiting structures that contain a small dark bodied spore.  Pressure within the fruiting structure caused by the accumulation of nutrients and water "shoots" the spore toward any light source.

Closeup of the artillery fungus peridiole on automobile paint
Joey Williamson, HGIC, Clemson Extension

Magnolia foliage covered with artillery fungus peridioles
Holly Thornton, Univ. of Georgia, Extension Plant Pathology

A lot wood mulches are suitable for the growth of Artillery fungi. This decay organism propagate itself by shooting spore bodies a long distance when the fruiting structure of the fungus ruptures. When using wood mulch be sure to use only a think layer of mulch near homes, decks, and parking areas to avoid damage from the spore bodies, which are very difficult to remove.


Additional Information

Artillery Fungus Fact Sheet - Cornell University

Fact Sheet 5103 - Artillery Fungus - University of Maine

Artillery Fungus - FAQ - Dr. Donald D. Davis, Penn State -Penn State University

IPM Notes from July 16, 2015

Several spots in the taller soybean field have noticeably circular areas of small growth. After examining the areas several explanations were given. Perhaps there was too much nitrogen in one area as the plants seemed to lodge against one another. When straighten up the plants were the same height as the nearby standing plants. In other circular low areas the plants seemed stunted. Perhaps this was a low spot in the field that held water. Could the plowed headlane be a contributing factor? Was wildlife using these spots to bed down at night?

Random sweeps of the taller soybean field using nets resulted in Japanese beetles, green clover worms and soybean aphids. There was some slight leaf puckering on the perimeter due to thrips. The Jimson weed sprayed two weeks ago is dying off.

The shorter soybean field was sprayed last Monday with Roundup. The young soybean leaves are showing possible potassium deficiency, or this could be from the Roundup spray. We'll review again in another week.

The field corn is looking okay with all the recent rainfall. It currently is in the milk to blister stage. The non-BT corn still has a way to go before October harvest.

In the demonstration plots the giant pumpkins need almost daily monitoring. New buds and flowers are cut off, providing more energy to the established pumpkins. Keeping the plants free from insect damage is a never-ending chore. Several pumpkins look to be about 20 inches. The millet and broomcorn need to be fertilized. The Bell peppers and hot peppers have bacterial leaf spot from all the rainfall. They are still producing some good size fruit. The everbearing strawberries were clipped back from their runners. The pollinator plot has made a nice comeback this year and is attractive heading to the high point of summer.

Below is the weekly summary for the insects caught in the four insect traps. Many beetles were caught this week.

Trap 1 (Black Cut Worm) – 5 Chafer beetles, 4 click beetles, 1 each katydid, black cut worm, coleoptera ssp.

Trap 2 (European Corn Borer) - 1 each stink bug, click beetle, fly.

Trap 3 (Fall Army Worm) - 4 chafer beetles, 3 true armyworms, 1 each click beetle, lightening bug.

Trap 4 (Corn Ear Worm) – 5 noctuids, 2 chafer beetle, 1 each June bug and corn ear worm.



Compiled by John Siemanowski

IPM Notes from July 9, 2015

Using the soybean field as an example, the question was asked how one would randomly check the field for insects and insect damage. Three methods were discussed. One was the zigzag method where one would walk the field in a "M", "W" or "Z" pattern. Another method was the perimeter or square method, where one would walk examining the edge of the field. A third method would be to scout a specific area, like a low area, for nematodes or black cut worm. This specific soybean field is in the reproductive stage setting pods. If the temperature is in the 90 to 95 degree range the top soybean flowers can abort, reducing the harvest. The beans are usually three in a pod, but on occasion can have four or so called "4 podders".

With the plentiful rainfall the field corn has grown and currently is looking well. Since this is not BT corn the corn borer damage mentioned in the last few weeks may become a problem as the season progresses. The corn ear was removed from one husk today and the milk line from full pollination was displayed. The corn plant will shut down with temperatures in the high 80's.

The various soybean fields are showing insect damage from grasshoppers and beetles. Some of the Jimson weed noted last week has been sprayed, and is dying. Other Jimson plants in the field have not been sprayed.

In the demonstration plots the giant pumpkin plants are growing by leaps and bounds. A wood pallet was placed under one pumpkin yesterday, keeping it away from soil borne diseases. It's a challenge keeping the pumpkins from insect damage and disease. The broomcorn is growing tightly together and is showing a little nitrogen deficiency. The millet looks good. The bell peppers and hot peppers are showing bacterial leaf spot.

Below is the weekly summary for the insects caught in the four insect traps. Many beetles were caught this week.

Trap 1 (Black Cut Worm) – 9 – Japanese Beetle, 1 each June bug, chafer beetle, ground beetle, lady bug, beetle specie.

Trap 2 (European Corn Borer) - 9 – click beetle, 1 each earwig, katydid, chafer beetle, hymenoptera.

Trap 3 (Fall Army Worm) - 5- lightening bug, 3- lady bug, 2 each click beetle, chafer beetle, 1 each true army worm, fall army worm, bumble bee, beetle specie, coleoptera ssp.

Trap 4 (Corn Ear Worm) – 4 - oriental beetle, 2 - click beetle, 1 - chafer beetle.

Notes compiled by John Siemanowski

IPM Notes from July 2, 2015

Another abbreviated IPM session was held today, due to the rain.

In the fieldcorn the tassels (male flower) and silks (female flower) are appearing. Some tassels are already shredding and will pollinate the silks below. Early corn ears are developing, and when one was opened the individual silks could be seen attached to the individual kernels. So the pollination / fertilization process from tassel to silk to kernel could be seen. The ear leaf closest to the corn ear is important because it protects the ear, similar to the flag leaf being important to rye. Some of the corn plants are showing 3 ears, which is not only unusual, but will add extra weight on the plant as the season progress. If corn borer damage is significant as mentioned in prior weeks, the corn plant may be more susceptible to falling over with added weight and wind.

The various soybean fields are showing insect damage from grasshoppers and beetles. In the tallest soybean field, which is in the reproductive stage, Jimson weed of significant height is a problem. This can be toxic if harvested with the soybeans. The soybeans can be of the white or purple flower variety. These were purple.

The sweet corn is in the tassel and silk stage and will be harvested in a few weeks.

The alfalfa field was swept for insects and aphids, leafhoppers and green clover worms were among those found.

In the demonstration plots the broomcorn is showing a little nitrogen deficiency. Some of the bell peppers are showing bacterial leaf spot. The pollinator garden shows examples of various pollinator plants used in a pollinator garden, as opposed to showing just several groups of three or four. The pumpkin plants are growing very fast as they are constantly being monitored for insect damage.

Below is the weekly summary for the insects caught in the four insect traps.

Trap 1 (Black Cut Worm) – No insects.

Trap 2 (European Corn Borer) - 3 – Click Beetle, 1 Earwig and various clover mites.

Trap 3 (Fall Army Worm) - 1- Fall Armyworm.

Trap 4 (Corn Ear Worm) – 9 Noctuids, 1 Chafer Beetle.


Compiled by John Siemanonski

Pest of the Week - Squash vine borer

The squash vine borer, Melittia satyriniformis, is a pest of squash and pumpkin and also a lesser pest of cucurbits and melons. Squash borers usually occur in low numbers.  Their presence is not usually noticed until after damage is done.

Squash vine borer moths look and act like paper wasps and have a 1 to 1½ inch wingspan, with metallic green forewings.  Females lay red eggs near the base of plant stems. The mature larva or caterpillar is a thick, white wrinkled worm with a brown head, and is about 1 inch in length.  The eggs are dull red, 1/25th inch in diameter, and are found glued to the leafstalks and stems of squash vines.  The eggs produce smooth, white caterpillars that bore into the center of the vine a few days after hatching.  The pupa is dark brown, 5/8 inch long, and found in an earthen cell in the soil.

Squash Vine Borer Larvae (R. Bessin)

Squash Bug Nymphs (R. Bessin)

Adult Squash Vine Borer

Management
Most management options are limited to control the hatching larvae before they enter the plant.

A home gardener may have some success with deworming the vines. At the first signs of the sawdust like frass (fecal material from feeding larva), vines can be slit lengthwise near where the damage is found and the borers removed. The stems should be immediately covered with earth.

Sanitation is also important. After harvest is complete, vines should be removed from the garden and composted to prevent the remaining borers from completing larval development. Burying a few nodes along each vine will encourage rooting at these nodes. This will lessen the impact if squash vine borers girdle the base of the vine.

To reduce the number of borers for the next year, destroy crop residue after harvest, and rotate planting sites. 

If insecticides are needed, spray or dust the plant stems at their base. Start treatments when vines begin to run or when the first adult borers are detected. Repeat in 7-10 days. Two applications help manage most squash vine borer adults.


Additional Information

Squash Vine Borer - Penn State University

Squash Vine Borer - University of Kentucky

Clearwing Moths - University of California IPM

Squash Vine Borer - Insect Diagnostic Laboratory - Cornell University

Pests Can Evolve Resistance to Many Types of Control Methods, Not Just Chemicals

A recent article in Entomology Today discusses the resistance that pests have developed to certain types of control methods.  Click on the link below to read more

Entomology Today Article

Dr. Alison Van Eenennaam, the 2014 recipient of the Borlaug CAST Communication Award explains how weeds can become resistant mechanical control methods.  Click on the link below to watch a presentation given by her at the National Press Club.

Video - "Communicating Science in a Networked World" by Dr. Alison Van Eenennaam

IPM Notes from June 25, 2015

The IPM team broke up into two teams today to do a group scouting report on the field corn and one field of the soybeans. About a half dozen survey stops were done on both the field corn and soybean field. At each survey stop the number of damaged plants from insects was analyzed, as well as the density of weeds and what type, and any noticeable diseases. Also noted were the plant stage, plant height, soil conditions and weather. Some analysis like row width, plant count and plants per acre were done several weeks ago and were not performed today.

The field corn is in the pre-tassel stage, and is about seven to eight feet tall. Soil conditions were moist. The weather was sunny. Of the random non-BT corn plants selected, over 60% are showing corn borer damage. This can be a major issue later in the season because the corn borer can severely weaken the corn plant, and blow over from high winds before the October harvest. In some areas weeds were in high density like crabgrass and sedge, which can rob nutrition from the plant. These can emerge again next year, so a herbicide may be needed in the spring. No diseases in the cornfield were found.

The soybean field behind the field corn was the other crop scouted this morning. These were the soybeans not planted too deeply due to the earlier dry weather. They are starting to pick up with the recent rainfall, and although a little off-color, do not look spotty. Some leafhoppers and grasshoppers were noted on the soybeans, but not material. Weeds were not noticeable. The soybeans are about in the second trifoliate stage.

In the demonstration plots the millet and broomcorn will both need some fertilizer. The pumpkin plants are showing damage from the cucumber beetle, grasshoppers and moths, but are still growing. The blueberries are beginning to ripen and by next week could be peak season. Both the Bell peppers and hot peppers are growing well at this early stage. Yesterday, the June bearing strawberry plants were cut back and old straw was replaced with new straw to mitigate gray mold disease in the future.

Below is the weekly summary for the insects caught in the four insect traps.

Trap 1 (Black Cut Worm) – Black Cut Worm – 3, ground beetle –2 .

Trap 2 (European Corn Borer) – 1 each European Corn Borer, click beetle, spider.

Trap 3 (Fall Army Worm) – 3 each ladybug and chafer beetle, 1 each true armyworm and soldier beetle.

Trap 4 (Corn Ear Worm) – 1 each chafer beetle and noctuid.

Notes compiled by John Siemanowski

Rutgers IPM related News

Some recent IPM related news from the Rutgers Cooperative Extension. Click on the links for more information.

The Weather of Late a Doubld Edged Sword

Heads up, Boxwood lovers

Basil downy mildew has been reported in Northern New Jersey this past week. All basil growers should continue to scout and be proactive.

Late blight has been reported on potato as far north as North Carolina near the Virginia border. There have been no reports of late blight in the region to date. To track late blight in the US please visit http://usablight.org/ 

Cucurbit downy mildew has been reported on cucumber, butternut, acorn, and yellow summer squash as far north as central South Carolina. To track the progress of CDM in the US please visit http://cdm.ipmpipe.org/ 

Bacterial leaf spot are coming in on pepper and tomato. Black leg has been reported in potato in southern New Jersey. Phytophthora blight on pepper and cucurbit crops has been reported. The heavy rains that have come into and remain in the region have been ideal for P. capsici. All growers need to scout on a regular basis and be proactive.

Early blight has been reported in tomato.

IPM Notes from June 18, 2015

Due to the rain, an abbreviated IPM session was held today.

Continuing the strawberry analysis from last week, Rob Mazza provided additional data. The picking of strawberries is nearing completion for the May-June period. (Ever bearing berries may be picked later this year). After harvesting strawberries for the past 22 days for 20 plants, a total of 3,551 berries were picked. A total of 62.9 pounds of strawberries were harvested, which averaged a little more than 3 pounds per plant. As mentioned last week, in the near future the plants will be cut back and old straw replaced with new to mitigate gray mold disease in the future

A quick walk through the field corn is showing very noticeable insect damage to the non-BT corn, mainly from the corn borer. Since the corn borer can have multiple generations in one season, one can see that non-BT corn can be severely weakened by the corn borer and blown down by high winds before a September-October harvest. The field corn is in the 8th to 9th leaf stage.

The soybeans planted around May 15 are in the 6th trifoliate leaf stage. The soybean field behind them and the field corn are starting to pick up with the recent rainfall. There was about .5 inch of rainfall received this morning. These  soybeans were not planted too deeply due to the earlier dry weather. Additional soybeans were seeded over the oat field that was recently harvested.

In the demonstration plots the millet seeds and broomcorn seeds are beginning to germinate. They were both weeded on Wendesday. The millet will need about 1.5 cups of fertilizer, while the broomcorn will need to be thinned out. The pumpkin plants are showing damage from the cucumber beetle, grasshoppers and moths. Today there were about 10 cucumber beetles in one pumpkin flower alone. The hops are beginning to sprout their buds. The scent from the lupulin bud was evident. The blueberries are beginning to ripen. Both the Bell peppers and hot peppers are growing well at this early stage.

Below is the weekly summary for the insects caught in the four insect traps. Once again, traps 3 and 4 are collecting the most insects.


Trap 1 (Black Cut Worm) – Nothing.

Trap 2 (European Corn Borer) – 1 chaffer beetle.

Trap 3 (Fall Army Worm) – 14 true army worm 1 each bumble bee, diptera and coleoptera

Trap 4 (Corn Ear Worm) – 18 noctuids, 2 chaffer beetles, 1 each sap beetle and corn borer.


Notes compiled by John Siemanowski

IPM Notes from June 11, 2015

A preliminary analysis was provided by Rob Mazza regarding the strawberry crop. So far this season about 50 pounds of strawberries have been picked from 20 plants, including the picking from this morning. In order by berry size, the largest was All-Star (June bearing), then Chandler (June bearing), and then Tribute (Ever bearing). A total of 2,245 strawberries have been picked - 810 for Chandler, 784 for Tribute, and 651 for All-Star. Gray mold disease, or Botrytis blight, has damaged a significant number of berries. The bigger leaf canopy of the plant, along with recent moisture and humidity has led to an increase in the disease. In the near future the plants will be cut back, and old straw replaced with new.

The field corn is in the 5th to 6th leaf stage. The cornfield was fertilized recently because last week the new growth had shown signs of yellowing. The field corn looks greener now, but since it is not BT corn, the plant is showing damage from the corn borer. A similar pattern of holes can be seen in the plant before the collars had fully opened. Frass was also noted. Since the corn borer can have multiple generations in one season, one can see that non-BT corn can be severely weakened by the corn borer and high winds before a September-October harvest.

The soybean field behind the field corn was not planted too deeply due to the dry weather and rye residue remaining in the field. With some recent rain the soybeans have started to germinate. Time will tell if the soybean field growth will look spotty because some of the shallow seeding will not take hold and therefore not germinate. There is another soybean crop and because of groundhog damage and previous dry weather the field looks spotty.

The sweet corn is in the 4th leaf stage. Weeds, probably foxtail, are becoming a problem in the sweet cornfield and will need to be monitored.

The oat field has been cut and is drying by tedding (turning it over). The harvesting process takes about 3 days, similar to alfalfa. The alfalfa field is showing good growth after being cut about 3 weeks ago. Possible alfalfa plant damage can come from the alfalfa weevil, leaf hoppers, caterpillar and cabbage loopers.

The Padron peppers, which were struggling last week, have rebounded. Unfortunately they're showing insect damage, possibly from the potato beetle. The weeds in this field have also diminished.

In the demonstration plots the tomato plants having the Colorado potato beetle and its eggs last week, could not be seen today. The pumpkin plants were sprayed because of the presence of the cucumber beetle. The millet seeds and broom corn seeds are beginning to germinate. The hops are being eaten less by the tent caterpillar as they were sprayed last week.

Below is the weekly summary for the insects caught in the four insect traps. Insects caught this season, so far, have been greater in number than last year.

Trap 1 (Black Cut Worm) – 5 black cut worm.

Trap 2 (European Corn Borer) – 1 each wasp and ladybug.

Trap 3 (Fall Army Worm) – 14 true army worm.

Trap 4 (Corn Ear Worm) – 21 noctuids, 1 corn ear worm, 1 click beetle.



Compiled by John Siemanowski

IPM Notes from June 4, 2015

The Pedrone peppers, which were planted as part of a research project, are struggling. Many have not survived. They were planted during the period of hot, dry and windy weather. In addition, weeds like lambs quarter, velvet leaf and spiny amaranth are creeping into the pepper field, competing for space, water and nutrition.

The field corn is in the 6th leaf stage, and the newer growth is showing some yellowing, signaling a lack of nitrogen. This cornfield also has its share of crabgrass, and in one small sample area a large number of small grubs were uncovered from the ground. These grubs will eventually turn into Japanese beetles, June bugs and Chaffer beetles. Since grubs will eat the roots of the corn plant, one needs to monitor the feeding damage, if any, in the next few weeks.

As noted last week, in the soybean field behind the field corn the soybean seeds were not planted too deeply due to the dry weather and rye residue remaining in the field. This week most of the soybeans still have not germinated. There is concern that in time the soybean field growth will look spotty because some of the shallow seeding will not take hold and therefore not germinate.

There is another soybean crop in the second trifoliate stage and because of groundhog damage and previous dry weather the field looks spotty.

The sweet corn is in the 4th leaf stage. The sweet corn, like the field corn, is showing some yellowing due to its new quick growth from the rain. It will need nitrogen fertilizer going into its 5th or 6th leaf stage.

In the demonstration plots the tomato plants still need to be monitored for the Colorado potato beetle and its eggs. They've been appearing in a lesser number every day. The pumpkin plants are greening-up. No bug issues so far with the pumpkin plants. The strawberries are being harvested, weighed and tasted. The millet seeds and broom corn seeds were planted yesterday. The hops are being eaten by the tent caterpillar and some sort of beetle. The hops are also showing signs of powdery mildew. Below is the weekly summary for the insects caught in the four insect traps.


Below is the weekly summary for the insects caught in the four insect traps.

Trap 1 (Black Cut Worm) – 5 black cut worm, 1 hemiptera.

Trap 2 (European Corn Borer) – 1 each European corn borer and ladybug.

Trap 3 (Fall Army Worm) – 10 true army worm.

Trap 4 (Corn Ear Worm) – 32 noctuids, 1 corn ear worm.



Notes compiled by John Siemanonski

IPM Notes from May 28, 2015

The cornfield for the most part looks good. There is however a growing number of small weeds, namely crabgrass, that will need to be sprayed or turned under. Other weeds present included lambs quarter, curly doc, jimson weed and velvet leaf. There were a number of black swallowtail larvae feasting on what appeared to be several sweet potato plants that were grown in the area last year. The corn is in the 5th or 6th leaf stage, so the growing point is just above ground. Because of this, the corn plant is now susceptible to any type of damage from weather, insects and disease.

The rye field has been cut and harvested. Soybeans have now been seeded over the rye (double cropping). Due to the dry weather and rye residue remaining in the field, the soybean seeds were not planted too deeply. There is concern that in time the soybean field growth will look spotty because some of the shallow seeding will not take hold and therefore not germinate.

A square plastic device was randomly used several times in the alfalfa field to measure the percentage of alfalfa and orchard grass within the square. The idea is to see if the alfalfa field is generating enough growth (over 25%) for harvesting. Random estimates taken today were around 50% alfalfa and orchard grass within the square. The alfalfa plant is also susceptible to crown rot and the alfalfa weevil. In addition, netting was used to randomly sweep the alfalfa field for various insects. Leafhoppers, aphids and alfalfa weevils were found in the sweep.

The oat crop is suffering from severe cereal leaf beetle damage. Numerous cereal leaf beetles were also seen on the oats. The oats will soon be harvested and bailed and used for feed for the sheep.

The soybean crop is in the first trifoliate stage, and because of deer damage and dry weather the field looks spotty. Ideally there should be about 150,000 soybean plants per acre.

In the demonstration plots the tomato plants were infested with the Colorado potato beetle and its eggs. This may be a very bad year for this beetle. Four pumpkin plants were planted yesterday, along with four pumpkin seeds. The pumpkin plot is new this year. The strawberries are beginning to be harvested. Among the June bearing berries, the Chandler cultivar is producing more berries with better taste than the All-Star cultivar. The everbearing strawberry – Tribute, has produced a good harvest as well so far. The strawberry plants look good. The blueberry plants look good, but one or two need some pruning of old wood.

Finally, noticed in the field today and also gathered within the insect traps were a large number of Colorado potato beetles, black cut worm and fall armyworm. The county help-line was also alerted regarding the presence of these three pests.


Compiled by John Siemanowski

IPM Notes from May 14, 2015

This morning master gardeners were made aware of a new pest, the spotted lantern fly. Native to Southeast Asia, it is currently present in Berks county, PA. Local officials there are trying to quarantine the pest. It is yellow and red with black spots, and attacks the phloem of the plant. It has already infected apples, grapes, pine trees and ornamentals.

Regarding corn, a comment was made that currently in the United States the same amount of corn produced today from 84 million acres equals the 1930 corn production from 490 million acres. As we walked in the field corn, various small annual weeds were beginning to emerge. These included marestail, yellow sedge, velvetleaf, crabgrass, and wild garlic. Weeds can be a future problem if the corn is not tall enough to crowd them out. One sample showed 6 weeds within a square foot. If need be a possible herbicide would be used if the weeds get out of control.

The cornfield showed very little damage from cutworm (no cut plants), grubs (no stunting of growth), and slugs (no leaf decay). The cornfield still has good moisture, despite little recent rain. As the corn plant grows and draws more moisture from the ground, additional water (rain) will be needed. The seeds were planted about 2 weeks ago, and are currently in the 2nd collar leaf stage. Currently, the growing point is below ground. At the 4th or 5th leaf stage the growing point is exposed above ground.

Random population counts were performed today in the cornfield. This was done by measuring 17 ½ feet and then counting the number of plants within that space, and then multiplying by 1,000 to estimate the corn production per acre. The random three counts taken were 26, 27 and 27. When multiplied by 1,000 provided 3 estimates of 26,000, 27,000 and 27,000 plants per acre, assuming 30-inch spaces between the rows. One can say that perhaps 30,000 seeds were planted per acre with a germination rate of 90 percent.

The rye field was cut this morning. Later, the rye will be turned over (called tedding) to dry better. Unlike some other grain crops, having a small rainfall on the cut rye will cause the rye color to bleach out to a golden yellow color. This rye, also called long straw, will be used for bedding for the animals. It is not used for feed. Wheat is commonly used for feed.

The soybean seed is a pink seed. This is a treated seed that acts like a fungicide in the early growth stages of the plant. Soybeans were recently planted. Sweet corn and peppers will also be planted.

The oat crop is beginning to wilt. With little recent rain, as the plant is growing, it is pulling more moisture form the soil. Cereal leaf beetle damage can be seen, as well as the beetle itself.

The strawberry plot shows some downy mildew and will need to be monitored. Half of the strawberry plot is slightly taller since it was not cut back in the spring. The hops plot is showing some insect damage of tiny holes in the leaves. The pests were not found.

There few insects found in the insect traps. Only in trap #1 (black cut worm) was there one black cut worm.

IPM Notes from May 7, 2015

At the beginning of the walk today, information sheets were passed out regarding field corn. Burlington county ranks 4th in New Jersey for grain corn production. Among the various fun facts listed was that there is an estimated 4,200 different uses for corn products. Some products you may not have known that contain corn are toothpaste, shampoo, diapers, envelope adhesives, perfume and aspirin. There was also a comparison between sweet corn and field corn.

Also listed on the information sheets were factors to consider when setting the seeding rate. Some of the things to consider were soil and climate, fertility, planting date and timeliness, genetic variability of the crop, size, vigor and mortality of the seed. After the crop has emerged, the stand density needs to be determined by multiplying plant counts by 1,000 to estimate the population in plants per acre. By making these random counts in five-acre sections at the seedling stage, early-to mid-summer stage, and again in the fall before harvest, a farmer should have a better idea of problem areas and an estimated count of future harvested crop.

Today, some of the field corn seedlings were just emerging. A couple seedlings were dug up looking for possible underground pests – grubs, slugs, and cutworm. Weed seedlings are also emerging. If they continue to grow a herbicide may need to be used in the future.

In the pollinator patch next to the field corn, a brief discussion was held on the various plants growing there. A couple characteristics that may be found on clover are the watermark and its hairs. Orchard grass is more clumping, while Kentucky Blue grass is more spreading. Cabbage loopers were also flying around the pollinator plot, where they lay their larvae.

Behind the field corn is the winter rye field. It may take another 3 to 4 weeks to turn to seed. The flag leaf, right below the grain, is important for the survival of the grain. The next leaf down is also important to the next grain above it. These two leaves should be monitored for possible disease or insect damage. Harvesting the rye takes extra potassium from the soil, which should eventually be replaced.

In front of the rye field was a small segment of plowed ground called the "Plow Layer". This is human made but a very common layer. Often denoted Ap – for "plowed" subset of "A" horizon. Basically homogeneous layer about 6-8 inches deep, formed when land was plowed. This layer long outlives agriculture use of the land. For example, many New England forests exhibit a clear plow layer today from plowing that took place over 100 years ago.

Left of the rye field, oats are beginning to grow. Beyond the oat field lies the alfalfa field. The alfalfa won't be cut until another 10 to 14 days. Usually there is 10% flowering on the plant before it is harvested. Some insect damage and diseases to look for would be damage by the alfalfa weevil (damage on tips), spittle bug, black spot disease. Also look for plant yellowing, or a silver color

Walking across the field today, four insect traps were set in place at different field locations. The Black Cutworm trap was set in front of the pollinator patch. The European Corn Borer trap was set behind the pollinator patch. The Fall Armyworm trap was set a good distance behind the master gardener plots. The Corn Earworm trap was set right behind the master gardener plots.

Notes compiled by John Siemanowski.